![]() ![]() Home advantage is lower in the knock-out F.A. It has been in existence since the start of league play in the 19th century in England, but has recently fallen to its lowest levels. Below this level, the advantage is reduced but still exists even with very small crowds. In England it is very similar for the top 4 divisions of play. There is wide variation in the national leagues in Europe home advantage is greatest throughout the Balkans and lowest in the three Baltic countries. In a competitive league with a balanced schedule, home advantage can be quantified as the number of points gained by home teams expressed as a percentage of all points gained, home and away. Although the existence of the home advantage is well known in soccer, the reasons and causes of this advantage are far from clear. Home Advantage in Soccer: A Review of its Existence and Causes International Journal of Soccer and Science, 3(1), 28-38.
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